Juan Jurtado with canavaria plant. Photo by CRS/ Paul Hicks
A few years ago, I asked a farmer in the “dry corridor” of eastern El Salvador what he would do to improve water management if he were the donor funding our project.
He pointed up at the hills and said, “During the wet season, there are torrents of rain that come down this mountain. The vast majority of it just runs off the land to the streams and rivers. Then two months later, all us farmers complain about drought. So, what I would do is to find a way to capture all this water we lose in the wet season, so we can use it in the dry season”.
Simple and brilliant, this is the logic behind building dams and drilling wells. But there are limits with these common engineering solutions: they are expensive and they don’t work everywhere. Besides cost barriers, topography and geology often make it impossible or unfeasible to capture water in dams or pump it from aquifers.
But there is a more subtle and elegant way for farmers to capture and store excess water to improve plant production.
Manage Green Water
A few years ago, I heard Dr. Malin Falkenmark talk about green water. She leads a group of brilliant thinkers who have re-introduced age-old wisdom about soil and water into a new paradigm that has huge implications for how we manage water for agriculture. I summarized the concept of green water in this post.
Here, I want to show an example of how this looks on a coffee farm.
Green Water in Practice
Yesterday we visited Juan Hurtado, an innovative and obsessively practical farmer near San Ramon, Nicaragua. Juan grew up working as a farm laborer on coffee plantations, until he started farming his own two-hectare farm twenty years ago. Since then, he has expanded quite a bit and has succeeded where many others have struggled or failed. Juan Hurtado hosts a farmer-field-school on his farm for Blue Harvest, part of the new Water-Smart-Agriculture initiative.
Greenwater Cover Crop (canavalia)
In mid-2014, Juan Hurtado starting experimenting with the use of Canavalia, a leguminous bush, which he has planted in rows between every row of coffee. Canavalia is a great complement to coffee for many reasons, which is well documented.
Canavaria leaves. Photo by CRS / Paul Hicks
- First, canavala is extremely effective at capturing water from the soil surface and sub-surface and converting it to green leafy biomass. In the wet season, canavalia captures rainwater that would normally run off into streams and rivers, and “stores” it for later use. Given that these young, green fluffy leaves are more than 90% water, they are quite literally green-water.
- Second, as a leguminous plant, canavalia is able to pull nitrogen from air (nitrogen fixation) and has a relatively high nitrogen content in its leaves.
- Third, canavalia’s vigorous growth suppresses weeds so reduces the farmers need for weed control.
- Fourth, canavalia increases soil organic matter, which improves soil quality and fertility.
Juan Hurtado chops back the canavalia plants when they start to get above 18 inches (50 cm) tall, or when they start to compete with coffee plants for shade, leaving the cuttings on the soil. The plant recovers quickly, sprouting stems and leaves.
What this does for Juan’s farm is pulls in water and nutrients from the soil and the atmosphere, cycling it back into the soil, making water and nutrients available to coffee plants. Over time, this practice can help build deep and healthy soils that become increasingly good at storing water and nutrients, making the farm healthier and more resilient to disease and to drought. While we are collecting data on the results of this experiment, Juan has no doubt. He has been expanding canavaria across his entire farm, and giving seeds away to his neighbors.
Converting cover crops to water
None of this is new to farming, and cover crops have been used by farmers for centuries. But, the green water paradigm helps shift our focus to the water management implications of the smart use of cover crops. For example, by using cover crops and other “water smart” practice, we can increase the soil’s capacity to hold moisture (say by 5%) in the top 40 cm (15 inches) of soil, and this increases water in the top soil by 200,000 liters (50,000 gallons) per hectare. No dams, no pumps or pipes.
Now, let’s imagine taking this same approach to an entire landscape – hundreds or thousands of hectares. By investing in restoring soils, using cover crops, and other practices, we can capture and store billions of gallons of water, increasing farm productivity and reducing farmers’ vulnerability to drought.